Tayilande n’isoko ry’imodoka zikomeye ku isi, ibyo bikaba bigaragarira mu kuba umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa Tayilande utwara ibinyabiziga ugera kuri miliyoni 1.9, ukaba munini muri ASEAN; icy'ingenzi cyane, mu 2022, agaciro k’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byo muri Tayilande byageze kuri tiriyoni 1,31, byiyongereyeho 8.2%, bingana na 12.3% bya GDP; ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ni byo hejuru muri ASEAN kandi biza ku mwanya wa 14 ku isi, kandi agaciro ko kohereza amapine y’imodoka kageze ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi. Turashobora kuvuga ko inganda zikora ibinyabiziga zateje imbere Tayilande kuba uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga bigezweho.

ibintu by'ibanze

Kuva mu 1963, guverinoma ya Tayilande yateje imbere iterambere ry’inganda zikoresha ibinyabiziga. Ku ikubitiro, amashami ya leta ya Tayilande yibanze ku gushyiraho ingamba zo gushyigikira ishoramari mu musaruro no gukoresha ibice by’imodoka zo mu gihugu, cyane cyane izamuka ry’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga ku modoka zuzuye (Byuzuye byubatswe: CBU) no gukomanga burundu (Byuzuye Knock-Down: CKD). Nyuma yaho, Inama y’ishoramari (BOI) yatanze ingamba nko gusonerwa imisoro ku nyungu z’amasosiyete no gusonerwa imisoro ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga kugira ngo bikurure abashoramari b’amahanga gushinga ibirindiro by’umusaruro muri Tayilande.

Byongeye kandi, guverinoma ya Tayilande yanagennye igipimo cy’ibice by’imodoka byakorewe mu karere bikoreshwa mu gukora ibinyabiziga (ibikenewe mu karere: LCR). Iki cyifuzo cyarahagaritswe, ariko igipimo cyibice byakorewe mu karere mu giciro rusange cy’ibinyabiziga bikoreshwa mu gukora imodoka zitwara abagenzi muri Tayilande biracyari hejuru ya 60-80%; ibidukikije bitangiza ibidukikije hamwe namakamyo atwara abagera kuri 90%, kandi moto zikoresha hafi ibice byose byakozwe mu karere. Kugeza ubu, amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi bwa Tayilande n’ibindi bihugu nk’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi bwa ASEAN (AFTA), Amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu bukungu bwa Tayilande n’Ubuyapani (JTEPA), n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi muri Tayilande na Ositaraliya (TAFTA) yatumye CBU igabanuka kandi CKD itumiza hamwe nibiciro biri hejuru.

Abashoramari bo muri Tayilande n’abanyamahanga bakomeje gushora imari mu nganda z’imodoka muri Tayilande. Ibigo byingenzi byaho hamwe n’imishinga ihuriweho na Tayilande harimo Summit Auto Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Sammitr Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Somboon Advance Technology Plc., Thai Auto Pressparts Co., Ltd., nibindi. zashizeho ibirindiro by’umusaruro muri Tayilande harimo Bosch, Denso, Magna, Continental, ZF, na Aisin Seiki. Mu bicuruzwa by'ingenzi harimo:

1) Itsinda ryibice bya reberi:

Twishimikije itangwa ryimbere mu gihugu ibikoresho bisanzwe bya reberi muri Tayilande, nka hose, umukandara, ibyuma bya fiberglass, amapine yimodoka nibindi bicuruzwa bisaba tekinoroji yo mu rwego rwo hejuru;

2) Powertrain na moteri ya moteri:

Muri byo, urwego rutanga ibintu biragoye kandi agaciro karenze 1/3 cyigiciro cyo gukora moteri yaka imbere (ICE). Niryo tsinda kandi leta ya Tayilande iteza imbere umusaruro murwego rwose rutanga, nka radiatori, imiyoboro isohoka, sisitemu yo gutanga lisansi, ibigega bya lisansi, sisitemu yo gutwika, ibikoresho, nibindi.;

3) Imashanyarazi:

Guverinoma ya Tayilande iteza imbere ishoramari ry’ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi muburyo bwo gupakira, bityo abakora amamodoka basaba buhoro buhoro gusaba ishoramari kugirango bateze imbere ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nibice muri Tayilande. Batteri, byumwihariko, igera kuri 30% yikiguzi cyimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Ibicuruzwa nuburyo bwo kohereza hanze

Inganda zikora ibinyabiziga bya Tayilande zishingiye cyane cyane ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu, aho kugurisha bingana na 60-70%, bigabanijwe mu guteranya ibinyabiziga (abakora ibikoresho by’umwimerere OEM) no gusimbuza ibice by’imodoka (abakora ibikoresho bisimbuza REM).

OEM: 30-40% yumusaruro rusange wibicuruzwa bya Tayilande

Kwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwumusaruro wimodoka, hejuru ya 80% muribyo bikorerwa mu gihugu imbere muri Tayilande, naho ibindi bisaba ibicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga bigezweho biva mubigo byababyeyi cyangwa abatanga amasosiyete yababyeyi yo mumahanga, nkibikoresho bya elegitoronike (chip ya microcontroller: MCU) kugirango bigenzurwe n’imodoka sisitemu yatumijwe mu Buyapani, n'ibice bya moteri yaka imbere n'ibice by'imashanyarazi bitumizwa mu Bushinwa.

REM: 60-70% by'agaciro kose k'isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu cya Tayilande

Isoko rya REM rikura mu cyerekezo kimwe n’umubare w’imodoka zanditswe, bitewe nigihe cyo gukoresha hamwe n’ibisabwa kugirango ibice bisimburwe (ibice byabigenewe). REM ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukwirakwiza, harimo abadandaza / abadandaza b'imodoka za serivise zo gusana, ibinyabiziga bigurisha hamwe n’ibicuruzwa, hamwe n’amaduka rusange yo gusana. Ukurikije agaciro k'ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, REM ihwanye na 10-20% by'agaciro kose k'ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, ibyinshi muri byo biva mu Buyapani (bingana na 43% by'ibice byose bya REM bitumizwa mu mahanga), ndetse n'Ubushinwa (17) %) na Amerika (8%).

Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bingana na 30-40% y’amafaranga yose yinjira mu nganda zikora ibice, muri byo ibice bya OEM bingana na 80-85% by’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga naho ibice bya REM bingana na 15-20%. Ibice by'ingenzi byoherezwa muri Tayilande ni moteri, ibyuma bifata insinga, imibiri, indorerwamo, ibikoresho by'ibikoresho, amapine n'ibice bya reberi.

Tayilande ifatwa nkigihugu gihanganye cyane mubijyanye nibice byimodoka kwisi yose. Ikoresha urunigi rwo gutanga kugirango igere ku bukungu bwikigereranyo kandi ubwiza bwibice byakozwe bizwi nabakora ibinyabiziga. Byongeye kandi, Tayilande nayo ifite ibyiza byo kubyaza umusaruro ibice, ikabigira umusingi wingenzi wibikorwa byisi. Mu 2021, Tayilande yohereje ibice (ubwoko bwose) niyo yari hejuru muri ASEAN kandi iza ku mwanya wa 14 kwisi. Ibice nyamukuru byoherejwe hanze ni amapine yimodoka (kumwanya wa kabiri kwisi), ibindi bice bya moto (usibye moteri nipine yimodoka) (kumwanya wa 3), moteri (kumwanya wa 13) nibindi bice byimodoka (ukuyemo moteri nipine) (kumwanya wa 15). Ibice byinshi by’imodoka zo muri Tayilande byoherezwa mu bigo by’imodoka za ASEAN, aribyo Indoneziya, Maleziya, Vietnam na Philippines, ibyo bikaba bingana na 22% by’ibicuruzwa byose byoherezwa mu mahanga, bikurikirwa n’Amerika (22%) n’Ubuyapani (9%) ).